Intervertebral discs

Most people only know about intervertebral discs in relation to slipped discs. However, these small discs are a fundamental part of our skeleton. In medicine, the intervertebral disc is referred to as the discus intervertebralis, which literally translates as ‘between the vertebrae disc’.

Structure and function of the intervertebral discs

The intervertebral discs are the cartilaginous connections between the vertebrae of the spine. Intervertebral discs prevent the vertebrae from lying directly on top of each other and rubbing against each other. Their flexibility helps to enable the movements of the back. The intervertebral discs also act as buffers to cushion shocks and jumps and protect the vertebrae.

Inside the intervertebral discs is a soft gelatinous core. It is surrounded by a firm fibrous ring. When the spine bends, the gelatinous core moves to the stretched side. The high tensile strength of the fibrous ring ensures that the gelatinous mass remains inside the intervertebral disc even during vigorous movements and does not spill out.

In order to support the weight of the head and torso, the intervertebral discs increase in height from top to bottom. To act effectively as shock absorbers, the intervertebral discs consist of about 80 percent water. During the day, the intervertebral discs are compressed by the heavy weight of the upper body. For this reason, people are about one to three centimetres shorter in the evening than in the morning. During the night, the intervertebral discs absorb water and nutrients and are able to cushion shocks again the following day.

Disc surgery for a herniated disc

The most common disc disorder is a herniated disc. A herniated disc can occur in the cervical, thoracic or lumbar spine. The lumbar spine, i.e., the lower section of the mobile spine, is most commonly affected. Age-related wear and tear, excessive strain, poor nutrition or heavy lifting and carrying, for example, cause the intervertebral discs to lose elasticity, and cracks can form. The function of the intervertebral discs is impaired.

Depending on the severity of the condition, a disc protrusion, i.e., a bulge, or a herniated disc may occur, in which the nucleus of the disc protrudes through the fibrous ring and into the surrounding tissue. The protruding gelatinous nucleus can press on the nerves of the spinal cord and cause severe pain.

If necessary, a slipped disc can be treated surgically. The procedure is usually performed using microsurgery. Tiny instruments are inserted through a small incision in the skin into the tissue around the spine to remove the protruding part of the disc. In some cases, it may also be necessary to insert an artificial disc.

A specialist doctor will discuss suitable methods for disc surgery and the exact treatment procedure with you after detailed diagnostic procedures.